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2
votes
0answers
28 views

Is there a critical order of the Abelian gauge theory in (2+1)D

In (2+1)D spacetime, it is known that the $U(1)$ gauge theory is always confined (according to Polyakov), while the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory can support a deconfined phase. Now consider a generic ...
-2
votes
0answers
45 views

What is equation of quark confinement, what is the process which called confined? [closed]

Quarks confined within larger particles such as proton, what is properties of quarks confinement? why quark confined, anyway!? divine purpose or what physical process?
4
votes
3answers
133 views

How quark electric charge directly have been measured?

How quarks electric charge directly have been measured when quarks never directly observed in isolation? (Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement.)
4
votes
2answers
223 views

About free quarks and confinement

I simply know that a single free quark does not exist. What is the reason that we can not get a free quark? If we can't get a free quark then what is single-top-quark?
3
votes
1answer
39 views

all multipolar terms of nuclear fields must be confined?

When usually speaking about QCD confinement, one refers to the fact that color charges over lengths above the hadron size are fully neutral, which implies that monopolar charges over an extended ...
3
votes
1answer
98 views

Weak isospin confinement?

According to the Wikipedia article on color confinement: The current theory is that confinement is due to the force-carrying gluons having color charge [...], i.e. because the gauge group is ...
2
votes
5answers
245 views

Could Quark model turn out to be false?

Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks ...