Interference of polarized light

Question

Does polarized light interfere?

Answer 1

Let's do some math in order not to be unsubstantiated.

1. Perpendicular polarizations.

First wave $E_{1x} = E_0\,\cos\omega t$,second wave $E_{2y} = E_0\,\cos(\omega t+\Delta)$.
Where $\Delta$ -- is a phase difference between waves.

Total field: $\vec{E} = E_0\left(\vec{i}\cos\omega t+\vec{j}\cos(\omega t+\Delta)\right)$.

Intensity: $I_\perp\sim \langle|\vec{E}|^2\rangle = E_0^2\langle\cos^2\omega t+\cos^2(\omega t+\Delta)\rangle$
where average means: $\langle f(t)\rangle = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^{T}\,dt\,f(t)$, so that $\langle cos^2(\omega t+\Delta)\rangle = \frac{1}{2}$ for any $\Delta$

Finally we got $I_\perp\sim E_0^2$, which is independent on the phase difference between the waves.

2. Parallel polarizations.

First wave $E_{1x} = E_0\,\cos\omega t$,second wave $E_{2x} = E_0\,\cos(\omega t+\Delta)$.

Total field: $\vec{E} = \vec{i}E_0\left(\cos\omega t+\cos(\omega t+\Delta)\right)$.

Intensity: $I_\parallel\sim E_0^2\langle\cos^2\omega t+2\cos\omega t\cos(\omega t+\Delta)+\cos^2(\omega t+\Delta)\rangle=E_0^2(1+\cos\Delta)$, which nicely depends on the phase shift between the waves.

Answer 2

Yes. In fact, light will only interfere with light of the same polarization. If you take a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, for example, and put a polarization rotating optic (a waveplate) in one of the arms, the interference pattern will lose contrast. If the polarization is rotated 90 degrees, the pattern will vanish completely.

Answer 3

As others have noted, you will not get any intensity modulation from the interference of two linearly polarized light beams with orthogonal polarizations. It's worth noting, though, that this does not mean that beams with perpendicular polarizations don't affect each other. In fact, a counter-propagating pair of beams with orthogonal linear polarizations-- the so-called "lin-perp-lin" configuration-- is the best system for understanding the Sisyphus cooling effect, the explanation of which was a big part of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The superposition of two counter-propagating linearly polarized beams with orthogonal polarizations doesn't give you any modulation of intensity, but does create a polarization gradient. For the lin-perp-lin configuration, you get alternating regions of left- and right-circular polarization, and combined with optical pumping this lets you set up a scenario where you can cool atomic vapors to extremely low temepratures. This makes laser cooling vastly more useful than it would be otherwise, and allows all sorts of cool technologies like atomic fountain clocks.

It's not interference in the sense that is usually meant, but it is a cool phenomenon that results from overlapping beams with different polarizations. So you shouldn't think that just because it doesn't produce a pattern of bright and dark spots it's not interesting.

Answer 4

Your question is quite vague, but in short, the answer is: yes, look it up on wikipedia. But let's be more precise:

As long as the light intensity is low enough to not obtain nonlinear effects, the superposition principle of linear optics is valid. That means, the amplitudes of two electromagnetic (EM) fields sum up, thus yielding interference.

However, since the amplitudes are vectors (while the intensity, being related to the absolute squares of the amplitudes, is a scalar), the interference depends on the relative polarization, the total intensity for two linearly polarized EM waves is

$I = I_1 + I_2 + 2\sqrt{I_1I_2}\cos(\Delta\varphi)$

where $\Delta\varphi$ denotes the angle between the two polarizations. You see that for perpendicular polarization the cosine term vanishes, the intensities just add up and you obtain no interference, while for antiparallel polarization ($\Delta\varphi = 180°$) you obtain destructive interference since the cosine becomes -1. In case you wonder about energy conservation (being proportional to the intensity) keep in mind that only the global energy is conserved while local fluctations are ok.

One final note: The whole thing only works for a well-defined phase relation between two EM waves. That is, only spectral components of the same wavelength can interfere, and the coherence length and time need to be large enough - you won't obtain perfect interference if your light source flickers due to heat for example.

Answer 5

Yes, it does and this property is independent from a particular polarization. So non polarized light gives the same interference pattern.