First, let's do some back-of-the-envelope calculations. The word for the average amount of Solar energy reaching the Earth's surface over the course of a year is "insolation." According to this page, insolation in populated areas ranges from $2.27\,\mathrm{kWh/day/m^2}$ in Norway to $5.26\,\mathrm{kWh/day/m^2}$ in Miami, Florida. In slightly different units this gives a range of $94.6\text{-}219\,\mathrm{Wm^{-2}}$. This is the total energy reaching the surface, and it's not thermodynamically possible to extract all of it, but since Solar radiation has an effective temperature of $6000\,\mathrm{K}$, you can get pretty close. So let's apply a factor of about 90% and say you could extract around $85$ to $200\,\mathrm{Wm^{-2}}$ with advanced enough technology.
Now, from here the US average domestic power consumption is around $2\,\mathrm{kW}$. (The US average is pretty high compared to most other countries.) This means that you would need around $2000/20 = 10\,\mathrm{m^2}$ of super-efficient panels to support you in Florida, whereas in Norway you'd need around $2000/85 \approx 23.5\,\mathrm{m^2}$. Both of these are doable as long as you live in a house rather than an apartment.
So basically, yes, taking 100% of our domestic power from Sunlight is entirely possible on the basis of how much energy is available. These figures don't include industrial uses, but there's more than enough power available for those as well, especially if you're willing to consider having extensive Solar power plants in the equatorial deserts instead of producing it all locally.
However, there are serious problems involved in storing that energy. It's not just that the sun only shines during the day, it's also that there's a lot more insolation in the summer than in the winter, especially in more temperate latitudes - and the energy is needed more in the winter. Cloud cover and day length both contribute to this seasonal variation. Batteries would be too large and inefficient to do the job for a single house, not to mention extremely expensive. So barring a major technological advance in energy storage, you'd probably still to do the storage in centralised plants even if everyone had their own local solar power generators. (E.g. by industrial production of hydrogen, or by pumping water into reservoirs, so you can recover the energy hydroelectrically when it's needed.)
This is another reason for envisaging large equatorial solar power plants. The sun is always shining somewhere on the equator, so with a global power grid you'd need a lot less energy storage. But of course this would be a huge mega-engineering project, and not without its environmental impacts, because of its scale, the amount of materials it would use, and the amount of land it would cover.
