# How can we describe the polarization (of light) coming from an arbitrary angle?

In an optics lab, where all optical beams pretty much reside in a plane, it is fairly simple to describe (linear) polarizations as vertical or horizontal (or s and p).

When we start talking about light coming from any angle (say, from any sky position), we now need a basis of polarization states at every sky position.

It seems to me that this requires a vector field on the sphere; and we know that no continuous, nonzero vector field on the sphere exists (the hairy ball theorem). One might try to use parallel transport to move a basis of polarization vectors from one position to another, but of course this is path-dependent and also leads to inconsistencies.

How is this resolved?

Does it make sense to compare the polarizations of light coming from two different directions?

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In fact the hairy ball theorem just implies that there will be a few extra topological defects in the polarization field on the sphere; in the generic case there will be many, and this has been proposed as a way of analyzing the CMB polarization (whenever that is measured) prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v72/i4/e043004 –  j.c. Nov 19 '10 at 2:51

You don't need a vector field on the sphere - you just need vectors. Vectors don't have any intrinsic location, just a direction and a magnitude.

The polarization of light is independent of the propagation direction of the light. Let's examine this with a simple experiment:

Consider an ideal plane-wave laser beam, beam 1, propagating in the z-direction and striking a screen some distance away. Another beam with exactly the same intensity and wavelength, beam 2, hits the screen at the same point, but from a different angle. Both beams are vertically polarized -- that is to say, their E-vectors point in the x-direction.

At the point where these beams hit the screen, you will observe interference fringes, which will go all the way down to zero intensity at their darkest points. This is because the x-polarized components of the electric field interfere with each other. Besides the x-components, there are no y or z-components to interfere.

Now consider the same situation again, but with both beams horizontally polarized. That is to say, the E-field of each beam points at right angles to the beam's propagation direction, and lies in the yz-plane.

However, the polarizations are not the same, even though they are both known as "p-polarized". (At least I hope so -- I can never remember which is s and which is p.) Beam 1's E-field points purely in the y-direction, but beam 2's E-field has both a y and a z-component, as I've drawn on the beam in the illustration.

At the point where these beams hit the screen, the y-components of the electric fields interfere, once again producing interference fringes. However, even though both beams' amplitudes are the same, the y-components are not equal, so the dark parts of the fringes don't go all the way down to zero intensity.

So you see, polarization vectors are polarization vectors, no matter which direction they're coming from. Equally valid, you could define your coordinate axes according to the propagation direction of beam 2, so that beam 1 came in at an angle instead, and still arrive at the same result. Specifically, this means that you don't need to worry about parallel transport.

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The problem I had in mind concerns the radiation pattern of an antenna. If you are concerned only about the power radiated in a given direction, then there is no trouble: this is just a scalar field over the sphere. But suppose we want to break this down into two radiation patterns, one for "polarization A" and one for "polarization B"... then we run into the problem described in my question. Is there a sensible way to talk about polarization-dependent radiation patterns? –  nibot Nov 16 '10 at 19:32
I think the solution is to simply give the radiation pattern as a mapping from angle to the field vector emitted at that angle. I think the "hairy ball theorem" then simply tells us that the antenna's radiation pattern must have nulls--which is a nice result rather than a problem. The point that "polarization vectors are polarization vectors, no matter which direction they're coming from" is well taken. –  nibot Nov 16 '10 at 19:38
"However, the polarizations are not the same, even though they are both known as p-polarized." This is the essence of my question: can you extend the notion of "p-polarized" and "s-polarized" to beams going in all directions? The answer is no. It works in a 2D lab, but once you add the 3rd dimension, you can arrange optics to convert "s" to "p". In particular, if you take a horizontal beam and have it hit a mirror and be redirected upwards, you can no longer call it either 's' or 'p' polarized, even though the polarization vector is well defined. –  nibot Nov 16 '10 at 19:46
Actually, "p" and "s" are defined with respect to a surface of reflection. As I said, I always mix them up, but as far as I remember, "s" is polarized in the plane of the surface of reflection, and "p" is polarized in the plane defined between the incoming and outgoing beams. So, "s" and "p" are still defined when you reflect a beam upwards. –  ptomato Nov 16 '10 at 21:59

Sure, you can just express the polarization vector in terms of a Cartesian coordinate system, or any coordinate system you like. This requires that the polarization vectors are constrained to be perpendicular to the light's momentum, $\vec{k}\cdot\vec{\epsilon}=0$.

I'm not sure I quite understand the basis (no pun intended) of your objection, though. Is there a particular physical situation you have in mind in which this problem would arise?

Typically what's important for light coming from a wide range of angles, e.g. with sunglasses, is how much of it is horizontally polarized and how much is vertically polarized, so you can just split the polarization vector into a vertical component and a component in the 2D horizontal plane.

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As an example, how would we compare light polarized "north-south" coming from directly overhead with vertically polarized light coming from the east? with vertically polarized light coming from the north? –  nibot Nov 9 '10 at 20:19
What sort of comparison would you be doing? e.g. what kind of physical process or measuring device would be involved? –  David Z Nov 9 '10 at 20:24
The problem I had in mind was of expressing the incoming field as aX+bY, where a and b are scalar fields over the sphere, and X and Y are vector fields over the sphere which give the basis for the two polarizations "X" and "Y". For example, 'a' and 'b' could give the acceptance of an antenna for the two polarizations X and Y. –  nibot Nov 16 '10 at 19:04

I think what you are looking for are known as "Stokes Parameters". There is also a very nice description of the polarization tensor in Sec. 9.10 of Mukhanov's "Physical Foundations of Cosmology". With these tools you can compare radiation patterns from different directions and what have you. Hope that helps.

Cheers,

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