# What happens when atoms speed up to extreme velocity?

The title might be misleading, but my question is in regard to what happens when we reach temperatures close to absolute zero (Kelvin). I've found different quotes as to what happens on the low end of the scale:

At about 10 micro degrees Kelvin, Rubidium atoms move at about 0.11 mph (0.18 km/hr) — slower than a three-toed sloth, says physicist Luis Orozco of the University of Maryland.

But what happens if we turn it around, and (hypothetically) increase the speed of the atoms to speeds close to c?

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The important factor is not the absolute speed of the atoms but the speed relative to each other. I would guess the article on the rubidium atoms is related to making a Bose-Einstein condensate, and slow relative speed is needed otherwise your cloud of atoms just disperses instead of making a condensate.

Increasing the speed of an isolated atom makes absolutely no difference to it, but if you increase the relative speed of atoms in some assemblage the atoms will collide with each other at that speed. As you increase the relative speed from the low levels of the rubidium atoms the collision energy will grow to the point where it ionises the atoms, so the atoms form a plasma. If you carry on increasing the speed up to near light speed the collisions between the nuclei will be so violent that they completely destroy the atomic nuclei and break them into showers of hadrons.

We can be confident about what happens in near light speed collisions, because this is exactly what the RHIC does. The LHC has also done heavy ion collisions in between finding the Higgs boson.

It's worth a note that Tokamak fusion reactors work by raising deuterium and tritium ions to very high relative speeds so that the collisions cause the nuclei to fuse. The corresponding temperature is about 100 million degrees, though from a quick Google I couldn't find the velocities of the ions. You don't get fusion in the RHIC/LHC experiments because the energies are so high that the nuclei are completely blown apart.

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Good answer! I was thinking something along those lines myself, but I don't have the physics background to back up my ideas :) I tried relating it to what happens within the core of the Sun (or any other star), where the pressure exerted becomes so immense that atoms reach the speeds required to fuse. But I would assume these collisions happen far from the speed of light, no? –  Yngve B. Nilsen Sep 12 '12 at 10:07
@YngveB.Nilsen: according to ehow.com/how_8633596_calculate-velocity-fusion-protons.html the proton velocity in the Sun is about 500 km/sec so it's far below $c$. –  John Rennie Sep 12 '12 at 10:17
Right, so you're saying that the nuclei are blown apart into the different subatomic particles. But wont this create a massive energy dispursion aswell? –  Yngve B. Nilsen Sep 12 '12 at 10:19
Fusing two nuclei is a tricky business because the fused nucleus is formed in an excited state. It's excited because the collision energy has to go somewhere, and it goes into exciting the nucleus formed by the collision. If you collide deuterons too hard they may form a helium nucleus for an instant, but the nucleus will contain so much energy it just falls apart again. This is what happens when you collide gold nuclei in the RHIC. The collision energy is so high it just blasts everything apart. –  John Rennie Sep 12 '12 at 10:26
The collision fragments fly apart so fast they don't get a chance to fuse with each other. The massive collision energy ends up being dumped in the walls of the particle detector. Even though the collision energy in the RHIC is huge, only a small number of nuclei collide so the total energy is small compared to everyday energies. –  John Rennie Sep 12 '12 at 10:29