# Amount of energy required to hover.

I've noticed a motionless kingfisher over a lake looking for prey and wondered what amount of energy does a bird, weighing 0.15kg, require to hover for 15s?

-
In the physics 101 sense it requires no work (i.e. energy expended) to hover. Think about it (and see Why does holding something up cost energy while no work is being done?). So what you've got here is a question about biomechanics. –  dmckee Jun 2 '12 at 20:19
Is this so? Certainly not in a more general sense. Say it wasn't a bird but a helicopter. Does a biomechanics analysis allow me to determine the amount of gasoline consumed. –  user9590 Jun 2 '12 at 22:56
Understand that the amount of physics 101 "work" done holding the bird or helicopter or whatever in place is the same if it is hovering on wingpower or hovering rotor power or sitting on a pillar. And that is zero. This is not a fault in your understanding of how the world works, but a difference in the day to day meaning of "work" and the one where $W = \int \vec{F} \cdot \mathrm{d}\vec{x}$. Ron's answer shows the way out of this dilemma: analyze the forces on the thing doing the supporting. –  dmckee Jun 2 '12 at 23:05

If the mass of the bird is $M$, and it is modelled as a fan which is pushing air to velocity $v$ downward constantly and continuously, then in any unit of time $dt$ it must push an amount of air down on average to get $M\,g\,dt$ up-momentum. This means that the mass $dm$ of the air it pushes down to velocity $v$ in time $dt$ is such that its momentum is $dm\,v = M\,g\,dt$, so the amount of air pushed down per unit time is

$$dm = {M\,g\over v} dt$$

The energy this air gets, assuming the air starts at rest is

$$dm {v^2\over 2}$$

So the power consumption is

$${dE\over dt} = {M\,g\over v} {v^2\over 2} = {M\,g\,v\over 2}$$

This assumes that all the air accelerated by the bird dissipates its energy, so that the energy is lost forever. This is not accurate, and the above is a simple estimate. For a bird of mass 0.1 kg, gravitational acceleration g=10 m/s2, v=1 m/s (assuming the wing is 10 cm from top to bottom of the stroke and flaps 20 times a second), the power required is 1 watt.

The parameter $v$ is determined from the wing-speed, and the total mass of air you push per wing-flap is the area of the wing times the density of air times the period of a wing-flap. The gives a relation between the size of the bird and the wing-flap frequency. This is order of magnitude only, and it is more valid the more turbulent the air-flow is.

-
Thanks somuch, esp. for the wing-flap displacement explanation. Just to clarify my (remedial) understanding of the units, did you mean the energy required is 1 W or 1 Watt-second? Would this mean that a hovering time of 15s would require 15W-s of energy? I think of the Watt as a unit of power, not energy. Again, thanks. –  user9590 Jun 3 '12 at 0:26
@user9590: Yes, stupid mistake, I'm sorry--- the power is 1W, and the energy in each second is 1 W-s. –  Ron Maimon Jun 3 '12 at 5:35
So this is why human-powered helicopters have enormous surface area: Using a large surface area to move the same mass rate of air at a lower velocity requires lower power levels for the same payload weight. –  endolith Aug 7 '14 at 3:16

I agree with dmckee's comment above. I would just like to add that hovering motionless birds most probably use ascending air streams (unless when they descend slowly). Pretty much the same happens with gliders: they use ascending streams to go up or they descend slowly.

-
What do you mean by "ascending"? Do you mean "defleted down"? If so, it is a confusing way to say it. The bird pushes air down, and it's always pushing new air down, so it does a lot of work. –  Ron Maimon Jun 2 '12 at 22:22
Many raptors hover by using the lift from a headwind instead of or as well as soaring in a glider like mode. –  dmckee Jun 2 '12 at 22:44
@Ron Maimon: I am afraid I am not a native English speaker, so I may have chosen a wrong word, but by "ascending" I meant "going upwards" (I looked up your word "defleted" and could not find it). And I don't quite agree that birds always do work to stay in air - if air is going up, they can just soar in it, without doing any work - a glider never does any work, but it can go up with the air stream. –  akhmeteli Jun 2 '12 at 23:24
@dmckee: I don't quite understand that - birds would lose speed if they fly against horizontal wind, so such a flight would not be sustainable without birds doing work. It seems possible, however, to use a tail wind to soar. –  akhmeteli Jun 2 '12 at 23:33
You're assuming that their wings produce lift only in the upward direction, but that is not necessary. I've seen kestrels, falcons and (on days with strong sustained winds) hawks hovering over one spot without flapping their wings. They do it by adjusting their wing position and shape such the the lift vector both holds them up and counters the drag from the headwind. Nor does soaring require a tailwind: most soaring birds go in circles. –  dmckee Jun 2 '12 at 23:39