# Topological twists of SUSY gauge theory

Consider $N=4$ super-symmetric gauge theory in 4 dimensions with gauge group $G$. As is explained in the beginning of the paper of Kapustin and Witten on geometric Langlands, this theory has 3 different topological twists. One was studied a lot during the 1990's and leads mathematically to Donaldson theory, another one was studied by Kapustin and Witten (and mathematically it is related to geometric Langlands). My question is this: has anyone studied the 3rd twist? Is it possible to say anything about the corresponding topological field theory?

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The Kapustin-Witten paper

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0604151

says (on page 17) that two of the three twists are related to Donaldson theory:

Two of the twisted theories, including one that was investigated in detail in [45: Vafa Witten], are closely analogous to Donaldson theory in the sense that they lead to instanton invariants which, like the Donaldson invariants of four-manifolds, can be expressed in terms of the Seiberg-Witten invariants

By Vafa-Witten, I mean

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9408074

The least studied twist among the three was studied by Neil Marcus

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9506002

but I am not sure whether everyone in that field thinks that the paper is right.

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Thanks. Neil Marcus relates that twist to flat connections with values in the complex group and the same space also appears in the recent of Witten on Khovanov homology. Is there a relation? –  Alexander Braverman Oct 13 '11 at 21:12

Some details of the third twist can be found in section 6 of this thesis http://arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9907123v2. The BPS equations correspond to a non-abelian version of the monopole equations considered by Witten in http://arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9411102v1. Some aspects of this topological field theory were considered in http://arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9504010v1, generalising the analysis in http://arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9411102v1 to the non-abelian case.

In each of the three topological twists of $N=4$ supersymmetric Yang--Mills in 4d, the set of bosonic fields contains a gauge field and two real scalars (just as in the twist of $N=2$ supersymmetric Yang--Mills that gives Donaldson--Witten theory). In the respective twists, the remaining four bosonic degrees of freedom in the $N=4$ supermultiplet assemble into either (i) a scalar and a self-dual two-form, (ii) a one-form, (iii) two chiral spinors. (Of course, all fields are valued in the adjoint representation of the gauge group.) Twist (i) gives the Vafa--Witten theory of http://arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9408074. Twist (ii) is the one first noted by Yamron in Phys. Lett. B213 (1988) 325-330, considered by Marcus in http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9506002v1, and more recently by Kapustin and Witten in the context of geometric Langlands. Twist (iii) is the one mentioned in the paragraph above.

On a compact Kähler four-manifold $X$ with $b_2^+ (X) > 1$, I believe that the close analogy between twists (i), (iii) and Donaldson--Witten theory relies on a vanishing theorem similar to that used in section 3 of http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9411102 in the abelian case of twist (iii). The implication being that all solutions of the BPS equations resulting from twists (i) and (iii) correspond to instantons on $X$ (with the four twisted scalars equal to zero).

Twist (ii) is a bit more subtle in the sense that it actually gives rise to a family of topological field theories, with each member labelled by a point on ${\mathbb{CP}}^1$. This is so because, up to an irrelevant overall scale, one can define a topological BRST operator from any complex linear combination of the two scalar supercharges which survive this twist. To quote Witten; "there are no trivial equivalences among this family of topological field theories, only interesting equivalences that come from dualities". In certain special cases, solutions of the BPS equations can be thought of as flat complexified connections of the gauge bundle (e.g. as in http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9506002v1) rather than instantons.

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I am a little confused. Are you saying that (i) and (iii) have the same partition function on a compact Kahler manifold $X$ with $b_2^+(X)>1$? What will happen if start looking at boundary conditions? –  Alexander Braverman Oct 14 '11 at 13:37
No, I suspect that would require $X=K3$. However, the BRST cohomology of physical observables resulting from twists (i) and (iii) is essentially identical to Donaldson--Witten theory for more general $X$ (e.g. see sections 5.3 and 6.3 in arXiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9907123v2). I am not sure what happens if $X$ has boundary but I would guess that some of the vanishing theorems no longer apply. –  Paul Oct 14 '11 at 16:35