How to take into account the reference frames with the revolution and rotation of the Earth in OPERA's superluminal neutrinos?

Question

Since the Earth is moving around the Sun, which is moving around Milky Way, etc... What reference frame is used for the complete motion of the begin/end points (which are non-inertial right?)?

Answer 1

They trust the method used by GPS for geodesy, where the claim is they can go down to picosecond and cm accuracy if necessary (for military use).

GPS error analysis takes even general relativity into account.

In GPS signal propagation (PDF) the systematic errors of a simple GPS setup are given, but the OPERA experiment has more sophisticated use of four satellites.

There has been no analysis of the GPS systematics further in the paper published in the archive, that is why I say they trust it.

Among other corrections, GPS corrects back to the velocity of light in vacuum. The meter is defined as a fraction of the velocity of light in vacuum (the second is defined by the caesium clock at normal temperature and pressure).

In my opinion, it is possible that some of the very sophisticated corrections of GPS values might be systematically off, with an end result of effectively redefining the meter. This would not show up in navigation or geodesy because the lengths probed by the OPERA experiment are very large (732 km) and the errors very small, 20 cm. A tiny systematic offset of what a meter is for GPS would not show up in the normal world use of it, but it would show up in measuring the neutrino speed with this method.

Answer 2

GPS uses a nonrotating coordinate system in which the time coordinate is essentially a time that would be defined by radio signals broadcast from a hypothetical clock at the center of the earth: http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2003-1/ GPS uses general relativity heavily. In GR, an inertial frame is defined as a free-falling one, and since the earth is free-falling, a nonrotating frame fixed to the earth's center is inertial. The earth's orbital motion around the sun, etc., are therefore irrelevant.

There is a special-relativistic correction that needs to be applied in order to convert from a nonrotating frame to one moving with the rotation of the earth. This correction comes out to be a few nanoseconds. I assume the OPERA team took it into account, but even if they hadn't, it would have been far to small to explain the claimed 60 ns shift.

The motion of the GPS satellites does not need to be corrected for, contrary to claims by van Elburg, who is an idiot. Presumably the reason the popular press has paid so much attention to van Elburg is that his arguments use only freshman physics, so science journalists can understand them. As described above, and as discussed in the Living Reviews article, GPS results are stated in a nonrotating frame tied to the earth, not in a frame moving with the satellites, as van Elburg seems to have imagined.

Answer 3

May be the case that this problem has to do with the «one-way» light speed and the referential that is used. Afaik the only known measures of the c are done in a «two-way» version (mean value in a closed path). When a photon is released in space it starts its journey at c speed independently of the source and of the receiver. The CMB referential clearly is the only referential to «observe» the light as isotropic. As the Earth moves we observe a dipole, and in different directions we measure different wavelengths for the same physical object (photon).

This paper (Cosmological Principle and Relativity - Part I) analyses the anisotropy of light speed for a moving observer.

Fig.3 and eq. 18, pag 14

The one-way light speed is : $c_{A}^{r}=\frac{c_{0}}{1+V/c_{0}\cdot\cos\phi_{A}}$

Using $c_0=299792.458$ Km/s is two-way light speed, $V\;$ is the speed of the lab in relation to the CMB: $V=V_{SS}+V_E$=369$\pm$30 km/s (data from here)
gives the max value of $\frac{\left|c_{V\pm\delta V}-c_{V}\right|}{c_{V}}\cdot10^{5}$=10.2.

All experimental measures of |v-c|/c are within this limit.

Anyway Einstein is correct.

I suspect that the syncronization used in the GPS is in the same as in the above paper and not as Einstein did.
In the pic Sat A must be synchronized with C at the same time thru the shortest red path and thru the longest blue path. At the same time B is in sync with C thru other paths with different lengths. IMO this is only possible if they are synchronised as in the above paper (instant observer) and not in the Einstein way that only considers one path between the observer and any other point ("Synchronisation around the circumference of a rotating disk gives a non vanishing time difference that depends on the direction used").