# Why do we need high energy to explore small dimensions?

I am taking a quantum physics class, and for the life of me, I can not remember why we would need a vast amount of energy to understand the microscopic universe.

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I understand electrons and quantum leaps, but you wouldn't necessarily need a high amount of energy to make a electron do a quantum leap. Certain frequencies of photons can do that without necessarily it being a "high amount" of energy. –  Eeeearth Jun 19 at 16:10
You must understand that "high energy" in this context usually refers to the microscopic scales (e.g. accelerating a proton to have the energy of a flying mosquito), which might not seem too impressive on the "human scale". –  Danu Jun 19 at 16:18
I feel like it has something to do with particle colliders, we just started covering quantum channels and the higgs boson so I'm going to assume that's what he means by "explore small dimensions" thanks for the reply. –  Eeeearth Jun 19 at 16:21
The question title has an alternative interpretation which initially confused me - I figured it would be about higher-dimensions in the style of M-theory. I would rephrase as 'small length scales' or similar. –  Tom W Jun 20 at 11:18

Frequently one probes matter by bombarding it with radiation or with other pieces of matter, and then looking at the products. This is called a scattering experiment. Since the probe system is quantum, whether or not it is made of light or matter, it is associated with a wavelength. The de Broglie relation tells you that this wavelength is $\lambda = h/p$, where $h$ is Planck's constant and $p$ is the momentum of the probe.

This de Broglie wavelength gives a lower limit to the resolution of the probe. Any feature smaller than this will simply be smeared/averaged over the probe's wavelength, and so will not be visible. For the same reason, normal microscopes only work down to a few hundred nm (the wavelength of visible light). Electron microscopes allow you to see smaller features because the electrons have a smaller wavelength.

Therefore, the smaller the feature you would like to see, the higher must be the momentum, and thus the energy, of your probe system. This is one (oversimplified) reason why the LHC has to be so large and achieve such high energies (relative to usual microscopic scales).

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can you please explain (or give some reference) how small wavelength of the probe is related to the small object which is to be probed? I mean how do you know that? Is there any formula which tells it? I am asking this because I also had the same question. –  user22180 Jun 25 at 11:58

Apart from the fact that high energies correspond to short wavelengths, as has been explained in the other answers, another reason for studying high energy collisions is noteworthy as well:

Many unstable elementary particles have large masses and, due to conservation of energy, can only be produced by decay from highly energetic systems. Examples include heavy quarks, W- and Z-bosons and basically all hadrons except for protons and neutrons. So if you include knowledge of all elementary particles and their interactions in the category "understanding of the microscopic universe", then this is definitely an answer to your question.

Below you can find a table of the elementary particles and their masses. As you can see, many of them exceed 1 GeV, which is very heavy compared to electrons, which we experience in daily life.

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You have probably seen the relation between energy and frequency for photons $E = hf$. Since the speed of a photon is $c$, the wavelength is $\lambda = c/f$ so $$E = hc/\lambda.$$ Therefore short wavelengths correspond to high energies.

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While this information is relevant to someone who already knows the answer, this answer is missing an explicit connection to the question. –  luqui Jun 20 at 21:25

The usual method of "studying" something, is to "take it apart" (break it into its constituent parts). Small "parts" (atoms, neutrons, protons, etc.) are held together by very large forces (nuclear, electromagnetic, etc,). Therefore, high energies are required to break them apart (so we can study them).

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