How do I figure out the effects of wind on flight?

Question

For a school project, I'm trying to make an automated flight planner, considering mainly the differences in flight paths according to wind.

Now I've heard that flying with/against the wind affects airspeed. But I really don't know any specific(even empirical) laws on determining by how much it does so.

What's more, I've also heard about gas savings through these effects. That I would have pretty much no idea of how to calculate but that's less important.

Basically if anyone can point me in the right direction to figure out how to figure out solid speed gains, I'd be grateful, even moreso if I can find out the theoretical origins of such laws.

(The only thing I found that I think is close to what I want is this, but I have no clue what the laws derive from)

Answer 1

Well, the formulae in the Wikipedia page you reference are simple consequences of this model:

• Your aircraft instruments measure speed relative to the surrounding air (air speed)
• The surrounding air moves with respect to the ground (wind speed)
• The speed of the aircraft vs the ground will be the vector sum of both these speeds.

To first order (and I'm pretty sure that should suffice for your school project) the resulting fuel savings ensue through the fact that you only need to expend fuel to maintain air speed - basically, if the wind carries the surrounding air in your direction of travel, you have to travel shorter distances "through the air".

The mathematics underlying this consists of vector addition in the simple case and maybe addition of vector fields/line integrals in these vector fields for more complex cases.

Answer 2

For your purposes, you can simply assume that the airplane travels at a constant velocity through the air mass. "Wind" simply means that this air mass is moving with respect to the ground.

If the airplane's velocity through the air is (a vector) v, and the air velocity with respect to the ground is a vector w, then the airplane's velocity with respect to the ground is simply v+w.

It's the same problem as swimming in a river with a current. If you are swimming directly upstream (or downstream), then the velocity of river water simply subtracts (or adds) to your velocity. If, on the other hand, you want to swim directly across, without floating downstream with the current, you have to angle your swim slightly upstream so that the component of your velocity in the direction of the river flow cancels out the river velocity.

In flying, this correction is called the "wind correction angle"; it corrects for the crosswind component of the wind, in order to fly a straight path (relative to the ground) from point A to point B. If you google for "cross-country flight planning" you will find lots of materials about how this is done in practice. The old-fashioned way is to use the E6B circular slide-rule, which you mentioned. The math is actually easier than that device/page might have you believe. The advantage of the E6B is that you can use it with one hand while you are flying an airplane.

If you assume that the wind is constant everywhere, then the problem is fairly trivial. If you assume that the wind is different from place to place and at different altitudes, and that the airplane's engine's efficiency is different at different altitudes, then the problem is more complex/interesting.

Where the wind really matters is when the airplane is transitioning from the ground to the air (and thus their relative velocities really matter!). Search youtube for "cross-wind landing" for some dramatic examples.

Answer 3

Wind speed affects ground speed, not air speed. The airplanes fly at a specified IAS (indicated air speed). Add the IAS with the wind speed in the direction of travel and you get the ground speed. Using simple algebra

$$ u_{ground} = u_{IAS} + u_{wind} $$

So to travel a distance $S$ with head wind takes $t_{A\rightarrow B}=\frac{S}{u_{IAS}-u_{wind}}$, but to return with tail wind $t_{B\rightarrow A}=\frac{S}{u_{IAS}+u_{wind}}$. Obviously $t_{A\rightarrow B} > t_{B\rightarrow A}$

Answer 4

+1 on the notion that ground speed is the straightforward vector addition of air speed and wind speed.

Manual flight computers such as the classic Dalton E6B allow you to do this vector math graphically. From a starting point in the middle of your plastic plate you draw a line in the direction of the wind speed, with a length proportional to the wind speed. From there you draw a line in the direction of your air speed (which is your aircraft's heading), with a length proportional to your air speed. Then the vector from start to finish is your ground speed and your ground track (direction you are travelling over the ground).

Concerning the extra fuel you need to burn to fly into a headwind or the fuel you save by flying with a tailwind, a most practical consideration to note is that if you fly from pt. A to pt. B into a headwind, and then turn around and fly from B back to A with a tailwind of the same strength, you lose more flying into the headwind than you gain from flying with the tailwind.

Answer 5

Get yourself an E6B. It has two sides. One side is a simple circular slide rule, for doing all kinds of multiplication and division, for speed-time-fuel-flow problems.

You want the other side, which features a sliding card and a transparent disk overlay on it, on which you can make pencil marks. What it does is solve the "wind triangle", which is just a vector sum.

If the aircraft is heading North, say, at a speed of 100 knots, and the wind is from the southwest at a speed of 30 knots, meaning the air containing the aircraft is moving Northeast at 30 knots, those two vectors are added to get the aircraft's actual motion vector over the ground, which is roughly to the East of North, and roughly 120 knots.

(A knot is one nautical mile per hour. A nautical mile is about 15% larger than a statute mile, and it is defined as 1 minute, i.e. 1/60 of a degree, of latitude. It is used because it makes navigation easier, because charts have latitude/longitude lines.)

What pilots do with that is determine the correction angle they need to use to fly in the direction they want to go, and the ground speed tells them how long it will take to get there.

It's a little more complicated than that, of course. They have to account for magnetic compass variation, and the fact that wind speeds generally increase with altitude. Now with GPS gear, it takes a lot of the guesswork out of enroute navigation, but in terms of flight planning, they still need to deal with wind, time-of-flight, fuel, etc.

Answer 6

Basically what you can precisely calculate are just simple effects based on the fact that the velocity of a plane in ground reference frame is a vector sum of plane's velocity in air reference frame and the velocity of air in ground's reference frame (=wind) -- this lead to some corrections in direction (very handy in GPS era, though), speed and time of flight (and so fuel issues), but this is kindergarten physics. Of course wind modifies the flight dynamics too, but this on the other hand cannot be precisely calculated because hydrodynamics is just too complex. This gap is partially filled by some phenomenological laws, the rest is guided by "piloting skills" of the pilot.