# How can photons interact with anything?

I read photons do not age because they move at the speed of light. So when a photon interacts with my eyes, aren't they apart in space-time by the difference of the time in the frame of reference of the eye and the time when the photon started traveling?

I guess I am imagining a 4D-space here. What is my error in doing so? Shouldn't particles only interact when they share the same place and time (or are close, obviously they can't be in the same place)?

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a particle can interact with anything along its worldline – Jim Mar 25 '14 at 15:18
Relevant info about photons not aging: physics.stackexchange.com/q/27794/29216 – BMS Mar 25 '14 at 18:34

There is some discussion about this in the question How does a photon experience space and time?. You'll commonly hear it said that photons don't experience time, but this is somewhat misleading.

Observers moving at different velocities have different coordinate systems, and these systems are related by the Lorentz transformation. If you apply the transformations to an object moving at very nearly the speed of light you will find that time slows down for that object, and the closer the object gets to the speed of light the slower its time gets. This is the origin for the claim that at the speed of light time stops, and therefore photons don't age.

The trouble is that at the speed of light the Lorentz transformation becomes singular and cannot be used. An object moving at $c$ does not have a rest frame so you cannot make statements about the behaviour of time and space in its rest frame. The claim that time stops for photons is meaningless as they have no rest frame to experience time in. Incidentally this applies to all massless particles and not just light.

As a photon moves it traces out a world line i.e. a series of the spacetime points that it passes through. At those points it can interact with some other object at the same point e.g. your eye. This worldline will look different in different inertial frames, but if two objects occupy the same spacetime point in one frame they occupy the same spacetime point in all frames.

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Would it be fair to intuit the photon as existing at every point along its worldline at once, from its frame of reference? – eddiemoya Mar 25 '14 at 21:40
You say from its frame of reference, but the transform to and from its frame of reference is singular so no we can't make such statements about it. – John Rennie Mar 26 '14 at 6:44
Ok i get from the answer that my conception of a common 4D coordinate system is wrong. So when talking about a world line, we always have a reference frame already in mind? And you say if two objects occupy the same spacetime point in one frame they do so in all frames - but how can that ever happen? And regarding light: It moves at light speed in my reference frame, so how can it move in time (in my reference frame again)? – kutschkem Mar 26 '14 at 9:03
I think these are best posted as new questions – John Rennie Mar 26 '14 at 9:40

Here is a diagram that describes what happens when a photon hits your eye.

It is in two dimensions, one is time the other is space. The photon interacts with the electromagnetic interaction with an atom in the retina of the eye, where the electron which is bound in the atom goes to a higher energy level and the photon is absorbed giving its energy to the transfer. The consequent deexcitation will propagate along the nerves to the brain.

The time the photon started on the left is irrelevant with respect to the interaction which happens at a specific (space, time ) point, and also the velocity is immaterial.

What is important is the quantum mechanical framework, which is the framework of particle interactions. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle even without detailed calculations tells us that there exists an uncertainty in the exact four space point, because calculations give the probability of interaction, and for a given accuracy in the momentum determination for the photon and electron there is an indeterminacy in the position.

This of course has nothing to do with the "age" of the photon, or the time it took from its creation to reach the interaction point. The photon is an elementary particle and elementary particles do not "age". Whether it comes from the sun or from the desk lamp the probability of interaction depends only on the photon's energy ( frequency times h) and the atom it impinges on.

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anna v: "Here is a diagram that describes what happens when a photon hits your eye." -- As far as that's related to vision, the individual electron in the indicated diagram ought to be replaced by a "retinal molecule", as shown for instance here: google.com/… – user12262 Mar 29 '14 at 12:52
@user12262 thanks for the link. Generically it is always electrons that are on the outer levels of all molecules, and my drawing is rudimentary ( i hand waved as a particle physicist) – anna v Mar 29 '14 at 12:56